Compounds with reduced ring size for use in diagnosing and treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma and methods related to same

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to novel non-invasive diagnostic tools/compounds to image cancers, especially, melanoma, including metastatic melanoma in vivo. The present compounds exhibit enhanced uptake in cancerous cells and tissue and decreased renal uptake in kidney, evidencing favorable pharmacokinetics of compounds of the present invention. The compounds according to the present invention represent an advance in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma using non-invasive molecular imaging techniques. The novel probes of the present invention are also useful for initiating therapy for melanoma as well as monitor patients&#39; response to chemotherapy treatments and other interventions or therapies used in the treatment of melanoma/metastatic melanoma. Compounds according to the present invention may be used as diagnostic tools for a number of conditions and diseases states as well as therapeutic agents for treating such conditions and disease states.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/283,174, filed Nov. 30, 2009, which application is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

The present invention was made with Government support under grant no. DOD grant W81XWH-09-1-0105 and NIH grant NM-INBRE P20RR016480 from the United States DOD/NIH. Consequently, the U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel non-invasive diagnostic tools/compounds to image cancers, especially, melanoma, including metastatic melanoma in vivo. The present compounds exhibit enhanced uptake in cancerous cells and tissue and decreased renal uptake in kidney, suggesting favorable pharmacokinetics of compounds of the present invention. The compounds according to the present invention represent an advance in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma using non-invasive molecular imaging techniques. The novel probes of the present invention will also be useful to initiate therapy for melanoma as well as monitor patients response to chemotherapy treatments and other interventions or therapies used in the treatment of melanoma/metastatic melanoma. Compounds according to the present invention may be used as diagnostic tools for a number of conditions and diseases states as well as therapeutic agents for treating such conditions and disease states.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Melanoma accounts for less than 5% of skin cancer cases but causes greater than 75% deaths of skin cancer. It was predicted that 68,720 new cases would be diagnosed and 8,650 deaths would occur in 2009 (1). Early diagnosis and prompt surgical removal are a patient's best opportunity for a cure since no curative treatment exists for metastatic melanoma. Despite the clinical use of 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([¹⁸F]FDG) for positron emission tomography (PET) diagnosis and staging of melanoma, [¹⁸F]FDG is not melanoma-specific imaging agent and is also not effective in imaging small melanoma metastases (<5 mm) and melanomas that have primary energy sources other than glucose (2-4). Alternatively, melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor is a distinct molecular target due to its over-expression on both human and mouse melanoma cells (5-9). Radiolabeled α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides can bind the MC1 receptors with nanomolar binding affinities (10-18) and represent a class of promising melanoma-specific radiopharmaceuticals for melanoma imaging and therapy.

Recently, the inventors have developed a novel class of ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized DOTA-conjugated α-MSH peptides for melanoma detection (19, 20). Lactam bridge-cyclization was employed to improve the stabilities of the α-MSH peptides against the proteolytic degradations in vivo and enhance the binding affinities of the α-MSH peptides through stabilizing their secondary structures such as beta turns (21-24). The radiometal chelator DOTA was attached to the N-terminus of the lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide (12-amino acids in the peptide ring) for ¹¹¹In radiolabeling. For instance, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH (DOTA-Gly-Glu-c[Lys-Nle-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Arg-Pro-Val-Asp]) exhibited high MC1 receptor-mediated tumor uptake (10.40±1.40% ID/g at 2 h post-injection) in flank B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice (19). Both flank primary and pulmonary metastatic melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by small animal SPECT/CT using ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH as an imaging probe (19, 20), highlighting its potential as an effective imaging probe for melanoma detection.

One advantage of the lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide is that the peptide ring size can be finely modified by either adding or deleting amino acids without sacrificing the binding affinity of the peptide (19, 20). The studies on the α-MSH peptide agonists for the MC1 receptor revealed that the lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide with a 6-amino acid peptide ring {Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys(CONH₂)], MT-II} displayed not only higher MC1 receptor binding affinity, but also slower MC1 receptor dissociation rate than the native α-MSH peptide {Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH₂} (25, 26). Slow MC1 receptor dissociation rate might contribute to the prolonged biological activity of MT-II in vitro and in vivo (25). In this study, we conjugated the radiometal chelator DOTA to the N-terminus of the MT-II peptide to generate a novel DOTA-conjugated lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide with a 6-amino acid peptide ring (DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)) to examine the effect of peptide ring size on its melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties. The MC1 receptor binding affinity of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was radiolabeled with ¹¹¹In which is a commercial available diagnostic radionuclide with a half-life of 2.8 days. The melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties and SPECT/CT imaging of ¹¹¹In-labeled DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the structures of DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH (A), DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH (B) and DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) (C).

FIG. 2 shows the synthetic scheme of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex).

FIG. 3 shows the competitive binding curve (A) of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The IC₅₀ value of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 1.77 nM. Cellular internalization (B) and efflux (C) of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma cells at 25° C. Total bound ♦, internalized activity (▪) and cell membrane activity (▴) were presented as counts per minute (cpm).

FIG. 4 shows tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection. The tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH were calculated based on the results published in the references 19 and 17.

FIG. 5 shows whole-body SPECT/CT images of B16/F1 flank melanoma-bearing C57 mice at 2 (A) and 24 h (B) post-injection of 37.0 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). Tumor (T) and kidneys (K) are highlighted with arrows on the images. HPLC profile (C) of radioactive urine sample of a B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mouse at 2 h post-injection of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) remained intact in the urine 2 h post-injection.

FIG. 6 shows representative compounds according to the present invention with certain amino acid and/or peptide linkers.

FIG. 7 shows representative compounds according to the present invention with representative linkers.

FIG. 8 shows the in vitro competitive binding curves of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The IC₅₀ values of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) were 1.8, 2.1, 11.5 and 873.4 nM respectively. ^(a)The Data of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was cited from reference 19 for comparison.

FIG. 9 shows representative whole-body SPECT/CT images of a B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mouse (14 days post cell inoculation) at 2 h post-injection of 37.0 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex).

FIG. 10 shows the radioactive HPLC profiles of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) (injected conjugate) and its metabolites in urine and tumor at 2 h post-injection.

FIG. 11 shows the kidney (A) and liver (B) uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)(▪) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex)(♦). The Data of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was cited from reference 19 (second reference set) for comparison.

FIG. 12 shows the tumor/kidney (A) and tumor/liver (B) ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)(

) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) (

) at 2 and 4 h post-injection. The Data of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was cited from reference 19 for comparison.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds according to the general structure:

(Y¹)_(q)-X_(m)-(ABC)_(n)-CycMSH_(hex)

Where Y¹ is a chelate group, wherein Y¹ optionally incorporates or complexes with a radioisotope; Each X is independently an amino acid residue (preferably, for example, a neutral amino acid such as norleucine (Nle), leucine or isoleucine, more preferably norleucine (Nle), or glycine or alanine, preferably glycine) which may be optionally acylated (preferably C₂-C₂₀ acylated) at its amino terminal end or an amino acid linker comprising an alkylene group or an ethylene glycol containing group according to the chemical structure:

ABC is an amino acid linker wherein A is absent or is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH which is optionally acylated at its amino terminal end; B is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH which is optionally acylated (preferably C₂-C₂₀ acylated) at its amino terminal end; C is absent or is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH; m is an integer from 0 to 250, preferably 0 to 5, preferably 0 or 1; n is 0 or 1, preferably 1; p is an integer from 0 to 20, preferably 0 to 10; k is an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 1 or 2; Each i is an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 1 or 2; Each s is an integer from 0 to 10, preferably 0, 1 or 2, preferably 0; q is 0 or 1 (preferably 1), and CycMSH_(hex) is a cyclic peptide comprising six amino acids according to the general structure:

Wherein W is a C—H group from an aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue (preferably an aspartic acid residue), wherein the alkylene carboxylic acid sidechain of said aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the alkyleneamine sidechain of lysine are bonded together to form an amide linkage as indicated; X¹ is phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan, preferably D-phenylalanine; Y is arginine or lysine, preferably arginine; Z is tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine, preferably tryptophan; Z′ is Lys(CONH₂) or Orn(CONH₂), preferably Lys(CONH₂); j is 1 or 2 (preferably 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said compound is optionally complexed with at least one radioisotope, preferably a polyvalent cationic radioisotope, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.

In preferred aspects of the invention, the compound incorporates or is complexed with a radioisotope as otherwise described herein. In certain aspects of the invention, Y¹ is a radical (i.e., linked to a linker or peptide as otherwise described herein) of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), CB-TE2A (4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)- 1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane), NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), DTPA (Diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid), MAG₃ (Mercaptoacetyltriglycine) and 4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid and HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide). Other chelating moieties that can complex to radioisotopes are otherwise disclosed herein. In alternative preferred aspects of the invention, CycMSH_(hex) is a cyclic peptide comprising six amino acids according to the general structure:

In preferred aspects of the invention, Y¹ is a DOTA radical according to the chemical structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof

In additional preferred aspects of the above-described compounds, n is 0, or when n is 1, ABC may be a two or three amino acid unit linker (A or C may be absent) wherein one, and in certain instances, two or three (preferably, no more than two) of the amino acid units are negatively charged at physiological pH, e.g. aspartic or glutamic acid, preferably glutamic acid. In other aspects of the invention, ABC is a three amino acid unit linker wherein no more than one of the amino acid units is negatively charged at physiological pH and the other amino acid units are neutral at physiological pH. Preferably, the neutral amino acid is norleucine, leucine, glycine or alanine, preferably norleucine or glycine. X, when present, is preferably a neutral amino acid, preferably norleucine or leucine, or an alkylene or ethylene glycol containing amino acid linker according to the structure:

as shown above, where p, s, k and i are as otherwise described hereinabove. It is noted that compounds according to the present invention which contain an ABC amino acid linker (as opposed to those without a linker, i.e., n is 0) and especially a linker having at least one negatively charged amino acid (e.g., aspartic acid or glutamic acid), often exhibit less renal uptake and consequently enhanced pharmacokinetics (longer half-life in vivo) than do compounds according to the present invention which do not contain such linkers. AB linkers (where C is absent) wherein A is glycine or alanine, especially glycine and wherein B is glutamic acid or aspartic acid may also be preferred. In still other embodiments, ABC linkers wherein A is glycine, serine or norleucine, B is glycine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid and C is glutamic acid (especially when B is glycine) or norleucine (when B is glutamic acid or glycine) may also be preferred. In still other embodiments, when A and C are each absent, B is norleucine (Nle), leucine or isoleucine, preferably norleucine (Nle), in particular when m is 0 or X is a PEG linker (e.g. PEG2 linker) as otherwise described herein.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, ABC may be preferably GlyGlyGly, GlySerGly, GlyGlyNle, GlyGluNle or NleGlyGlu. Preferred XABC groups (m and n are both 1) include, for example, GlyGlyGlyNle, GlySerGlyNle, GlyAspGlyNle, GlyGluGlyNle and PEG2Nle linkers.

Y¹ is preferably a radical of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), CB-TE2A (4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)- 1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane), NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid), DTPA (Diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid), MAG₃ (Mercaptoacetyltriglycine) or 4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid or HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide). More preferably, Y is a radical of DOTA, optionally complexed with a radioisotope as otherwise described herein.

In preferred embodiments, the present invention relates to the above compounds, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein the compound, especially the Y group, is complexed with a radioisotope (which may be a neutral species or a cationic species, and is preferably a polyvalent cationic species) selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.

In further preferred embodiments, Y¹ is a DOTA moiety which may be complexed with a radioisotope as indicated (this general structure also contemplates one or more carbonyl/carboxyl groups in the molecule also being complexed to the radioisotope and is non-limiting) according to the following:

Where Ri is a radioisotope (which may be a neutral species or a cationic species, and is preferably a polyvalent cationic species) selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.

Radioisotopes are selected based on the physical half life, the decay mode (alpha, beta, auger, gamma, X-ray) and the energy of the radioisotope. In diagnostic aspects of the present invention, preferred radioisotopes include, for example, ¹¹¹In, ⁸⁶Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁴Cu and ^(99m)Tc.

Where compounds are to be analyzed using positron emission tomography or PET imaging they are labeled with a positron emitting radioisotopes such as: ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁸⁶Y, or other polyvalent, cationic radiometals that decay by positron emission. In alternative embodiments, the compounds may be analyzed using single photon emission computed tomography or SPECT imaging when labeled with a gamma radiation emitting radioisotope which preferably includes ¹¹¹In, ⁶⁷Ga, ^(99m)Tc and ²⁰³Pb or other gamma emitting radioisotope as disclosed herein.

The present invention relates to compounds and/or compositions which may be used to prepare imaging/therapeutic agents or as imaging/therapeutic agents (when complexed with a radioisotope) for diagnosing and treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma as otherwise described herein. Compounds according to the present invention which are complexed with an appropriate radioisotope may be used to diagnose the existence and/or extent of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, monitor therapy as a therapeutic aid of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, and in certain instances, function as a therapeutic agent (peptide targeted radiation) for the treatment of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound according to the present invention which has been complexed with a radioisotope and combined with a carrier, additive or excipient in pharmaceutical dosage form as a diagnostic imaging agent or as a therapeutic agent. Compositions according to the present invention are formulated in pharmaceutical dosage form for administration preferably by a parenteral, preferably an intravenous route. Compositions according to the present invention may also be formulated for administration via a topical route, directly to the skin. Oral compositions may also be formulated for use in the present invention.

In the diagnostic method according to the present invention, a compound according to the present invention is administered to a patient, and evidence of elevated expression of MSH receptors in tissue of said patient through standard well-known nuclear imaging techniques, especially radiation (radionuclide) imaging, including scintigraphic imaging, and especially single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in comparison to a normal standard, is indicative of a disease state (melanoma) and extent of disease state (metastasis) in the tissue of the patient. The nuclear imaging techniques useful in the present diagnostic methods are well known in the art. In general, elevated levels of radiation emanating from a diagnosed tissue is evidence of elevated MSH receptor activity and indicative of a disease state or condition (melanoma and/or metastatic melanoma) wherein these receptors are found at elevated levels. Methods of diagnosing the existence and/or extent (stage) of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma are therefore additional aspects of the present invention. Thus, a diagnostic method of diagnosing the existence or absence of melanoma in a patient at risk for melanoma comprises administering to said patient a compound according to the present invention; imaging said patient to determine if tissue in said patient exhibits elevated expression of MSH receptors; and diagnosing said patient as having melanoma, including metastatic melanoma if said tissue evidences elevated expression of MSH receptors in comparison to a standard.

Methods of monitoring the treatment of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma in conjunction with traditional or experimental melanoma therapy is an additional aspect of the invention. In this aspect, a patient's response to therapy is monitored using the methods according to the present invention. In this method, a patient is monitored before and after therapy by administering compound according to the present invention and determining (through imaging diagnostics as otherwise described herein) the extent of expression of melanocyte stimulating hormone receptors in tissues of a patient before therapy and after therapy and comparing the expression levels with each other and/or with a standard (predetermined value) to determine the extent of reduction of cancer tissue which occurred pursuant to the therapeutic intervention.

Methods of treating melanoma represent a further aspect of the invention. In this aspect, compounds according to the present invention as described above are administered to a patient known to have melanoma and/or metastatic melanoma in effective amounts in order to reduce cancer tissue and otherwise treat the patient's cancer through targeted radiation therapy. The present therapeutic methods may be used alone or in combination with other treatment methods (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and/or immunotherapy (IL-2 and α-interferon) for melanoma/metastatic melanoma as otherwise disclosed herein. In preferred therapeutic method aspects of the present invention, compounds according to the present invention are labeled with ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²¹²Bi/²¹²Pb, ²¹³Bi, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶⁶Ho and ¹⁵³Sm and are administered to the patient (preferably intravenously or topically—i.e, directly onto the melanoma tissue in the skin of the patient) in order to target the malignant melanoma tumor, including metastatic melanoma tissue with radiation therapy.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following terms are used to describe the present invention. In the event that a term is not specifically defined herein, that term is accorded its commonly understood meaning within the context of its use by those of ordinary skill in the art. It is understood that the definitions of the terms which are used to describe the present invention are interpreted in a manner consistent with the present invention and within the context of a particular term's use in describing the present invention in one or more embodiments.

As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “a compound”, within context, includes a plurality (for example, two or more compounds) of such elements, and so forth. Under no circumstances is the patent be interpreted to be limited to the specific examples or embodiments or methods specifically disclosed herein.

The term “patient” or “subject” is used throughout the specification to describe an animal, preferably a human, to whom treatment, including prophylactic treatment, with the compounds according to the present invention is provided. For treatment of those infections, conditions or disease states which are specific for a specific animal such as a human patient, the term patient refers to that specific animal.

The term “compound” is used herein to refer to any specific chemical compound disclosed herein. Within its use in context, the term generally refers to a single oligopeptide, or an oligopeptide bonded to a DOTA group optionally complexed with a radioisotope, but in certain instances may also refer to components/portions of such compounds, intermediates used to synthesize such compounds, stereoisomers and/or optical isomers (including racemic mixtures) of disclosed compounds. The term compound shall include, where applicable, any and all relevant pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The term “neutral amino acid” is an amino acid which has an uncharged sidechain at physiological pH. Neutral amino acids for use in the present invention include, for example, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, norleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine and tyrosine. Preferred neutral amino acids include glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and norleucine. The term “negatively charged amino acid” is an amino acid which has a negatively charged sidechain at physiological pH. Preferred negatively charged amino acids for use in the present invention include glutamic acid and aspartic acid, both of which contain a plurality of carboxylate anions (in contrast to free/protonated carboxylic acids) at physiological pH.

The term “chelate”, “chelator” or “chelating agent” is used to describe a moiety (as represented by Y¹ in generic structures) which is functionally capable of complexing or “chelating” a radioisotope as otherwise described herein. Each is appropriately chemically linked (via covalent linkers or directly to Cyclic peptides as otherwise described herein). Exemplary chelators for use in the present invention, which are well known in the art, include the following:

Polyaminocarboxylates, Such as

-   EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid -   DTPA: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

Polyaminocarboxylic Macrocycles, Such as:

-   DOTA: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid -   TRITA: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid -   TETA: triethylenetetramine bridged-cyclam-2a:     1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane- 1,8-di(metharrephosphonic     acid) -   DO3A: 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane -   DO2A: 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,7-bis(acetic acid)

Other Chelators, Such as:

-   CB-TE2A (4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-     1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane) -   NOTA (1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid) -   MAG₃ (Mercaptoacetyltriglycine) -   4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid -   HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide)

Of the above chelators, DOTA is preferred, as is NOTA and HYNIC. The NOTA chelator is preferred especially when the radioisotope included is Cu or Ga. The HYNIC chelator is preferred, in particular when the radioisotope included is Tc and Re.

Chelates, chelators or chelating agents are generally bi- or multidentate ligands which generally produce a binding or complexation (complex) of a metal radioisotope as otherwise described herein. The ligand or chelator forms a chelate complex with the substrate. The term, without limitation, is used to describe complexes in which the metal ion is bound to two or more atoms of the chelating agent by whatever means (e.g., coordinate binding or complexation) occurs when a radioisotope and chelate group complex within each other in compounds according to the present invention. It is noted here that when a chelator is complexed to a radioisotope as used herein, the chelate complex structure is represented in a generic, nonlimiting sense, such that bonds which are represented may occur between a radioistope and the chelating agent, as well as additional bonds (such as between carbonyl/carboxyl groups) which are not specifically represented, but which are understood/determined to be bonded within the context of the chelate complex (to accommodate that different radioisotopes may bind differently to different chelate groups).

The term “DOTA” is used as an abbreviation for 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid, a preferred chelator for use in the present invention, which chemical structure (bonded in compounds according to the present invention) is represented as follows:

Complexed with radioisotopes according to the present invention, DOTA has the general (note that this general structure also includes the possibility of carbonyl/carboxyl groups also contributing to the complex depending on the radioisotope and is non-limiting) structure:

Where Ri is a radioisotope as otherwise disclosed herein.

The term “CycMSH_(hex)” or alternatively “cyclic peptide”, “Cycpeptide” “cyclic MSHhex peptide”, or refers to cyclic peptides which are bound optionally through a peptide linker (comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 amino acid residues) to DOTA or other chelator according to the present invention. Cyclic peptides according to the present invention may be represented by the chemical structure:

Wherein W is a C—H group from an aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue (preferably an aspartic acid residue), wherein the alkylene carboxylic acid sidechain of said aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the alkyleneamine sidechain of lysine are bonded together to form an amide linkage as indicated; X¹ is phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan, preferably phenylalanine; Y is arginine or lysine, preferably arginine; Z is tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine, preferably tryptophan; Z′ is Lys(CONH₂) or Orn(CONH₂), preferably Lys(CONH₂); j is 1 or 2 (preferably 1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,

In preferred aspects of the present invention, X¹ is D-phenylalanine, Y is arginine, Z is tryptophan Z′ is Lys(CONH₂) and is represented by the following chemical structure:

The term “radical” is used to describe a group which is covalently bonded to another group in compounds according to the present invention.

The term “acylated” is used to describe an acyl group which may be used, where appropriate, at a terminal amine group of compounds of the present invention. The term “acyl” is used throughout the specification to describe a group at a terminal amine position of an amino acid which contains a C₀ to C₂₀ (preferably a C₀ to C₂₀) linear, branched or cyclic alkyl chain. The acyl group at a terminal amine position, results in an amide linkage, which, after administration, may be cleaved. Acyl groups according to the present invention are represented by the structure:

where R₄ is H or a C₀ to C₂₀ (preferably, a C₁ to C₂₀) linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group, phenoxymethyl, aryl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, aryloxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy groups (e.g., [(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]-methoxy), aryloxyalkyl, among others, all of which groups may be optionally substituted. Preferred acyl groups are those where R₄ is a C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl group. Acyl groups according to the present invention also include, for example, those acyl groups derived from benzoic acid and related acids, 3-chlorobenzoic acid, succinic, capric and caproic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and oleic groups, among numerous others. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize the acyl groups which will have utility in the present invention, either to synthesize the target pharmaceutical compounds or as prodrug forms of the nucleosides according to the present invention.

The term “melanoma” is used to describe a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma), even though melanoma can be found in any part of the body. Melanoma is a form of cancer that begins in melanocytes, the cells that make skin pigment, or melanin. It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues. There are several types of melanoma, defined by where they first appear, including skin and eye melanoma and in rare instances in the GI tract or lymph nodes

Melanoma is one of the rarer types of skin cancer but causes the majority of skin cancer related deaths. Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It is due to uncontrolled growth of pigment cells, called melanocytes. Despite many years of intensive laboratory and clinical research, the sole effective cure is surgical resection of the primary tumor before it achieves a Breslow thickness greater than 1 mm.

Around 160,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed worldwide each year. About 48,000 melanoma related deaths occur worldwide per year. Malignant melanoma accounts for 75 percent of all deaths associated with skin cancer. The treatment includes surgical removal of the tumor; adjuvant treatment; chemo- and immunotherapy, or radiation therapy. The severity of melanoma is often characterized by the Clark level, which are for thin tumors and describe how deeply the cancer has spread into the skin, and the Breslow depth, which refers to the microscopic depth of tumor invasion.

The following stages are identified in the progression of the melanoma disease state. Melanoma progresses from an early stage (in situ) through an invasive stage, a high risk melanoma stage, a regional metastatic stage and a distant metastatic stage with varying degrees of survivability, as set forth below.

Melanoma Stages: Stage 0: Melanoma in Situ (Clark Level I), 99.9% Survival Stage I/II: Invasive Melanoma, 85-95% Survival

-   -   T1a: Less than 1.00 mm primary, w/o Ulceration, Clark Level         II-III     -   T1b: Less than 1.00 mm primary, w/Ulceration or Clark Level IV-V     -   T2a: 1.00-2.00 mm primary, w/o Ulceration

Stage II: High Risk Melanoma, 40-85% Survival

-   -   T2b: 1.00-2.00 mm primary, w/Ulceration     -   T3a: 2.00-4.00 mm primary, w/o Ulceration     -   T3b: 2.00-4.00 mm primary, w/Ulceration     -   T4a: 4.00 mm or greater primary w/o Ulceration     -   T4b: 4.00 mm or greater primary w/Ulceration

Stage III: Regional Metastasis, 25-60% Survival

-   -   N1: Single Positive Lymph Node     -   N2: 2-3 Positive Lymph Nodes OR Regional Skin/In-Transit         Metastasis     -   N3: 4 Positive Lymph Nodes OR Lymph Node and Regional Skin/In         Transit Metastases

Stage IV: Distant Metastasis, 9-15% Survival

-   -   M1a: Distant Skin Metastasis, Normal LDH     -   M1b: Lung Metastasis, Normal LDH     -   M1c: Other Distant Metastasis OR Any Distant Metastasis with         Elevated LDH         Based Upon AJCC 5-Year Survival with Proper Treatment

Tradition therapy of melanoma involves a number of treatment options. These generally include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy (IL-2, other). In the case of surgery, treatment can vary and can include local excision, wide local excision, lymphadenectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy and skin grafting. In the case of chemotherapy, a standard chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine (DTIC) is administered to the patient in order to treat the cancer, generally through cancer cell death. In the case of radiation therapy, radiation is used as a palliative rather than a cure for melanoma. Radiation relieves bone pain and other symptoms caused by metastases to the bones, brain, and organs such as the liver. Although not curative, radiation treatment is being investigated for more widespread use in controlling other symptoms of skin cancer. In the case of immunotherapy (biologic treatment), a patient's natural immune system is raised or other immune compositions (IL-2) are administered to the patient against the cancer.

“Metastatic melanoma” refers to a progressed form of melanoma wherein the original cancer has metastasized to another area of the skin (regional or distant) or to other non-skin tissue (e.g., lungs, liver, brain, lymph system). Metastatic melanoma describes when melanoma has spread into surrounding healthy tissue and through the bloodstream, or lymphatic system, to other parts of the body. If melanoma spreads to these other areas, the cancer cells in the new tumor are still melanoma cells but the disease is called metastatic melanoma.

Unlike early stages of melanoma, which can be treated successfully with early diagnosis, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma is poor, with survival rates of six to nine months. In the past 35 Years, the FDA has only approved two types of therapies for metastatic melanoma interleukin 2 (IL-2) and DTIC. The methods of treatment for metastatic melanoma include radiation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy and palliative surgery. Currently, there are no approved therapies that significantly improve survival for patients with metastatic melanoma.

The term “imaging”, “molecular imaging” or “radioimaging is used to describe methods that use the nuclear properties of matter in diagnosis and therapy, pursuant to the present invention. More specifically, the present invention relies on molecular imaging because it produces images that reflect biological processes that take place at the cellular and subcellular level.

Molecular imaging is a discipline that unites molecular biology and in vivo imaging. It enables the visualisation of the cellular function and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms without perturbing them. The multiple and numerous potentialities of this field are applicable to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer, in the present invention, in particular, melanoma, including metastatic melanoma. This technique also contributes to improving the treatment of these disorders by optimizing the pre-clinical and clinical tests of new medication. This approach also has a major economic impact due to earlier and more precise diagnosis.

Molecular imaging differs from traditional imaging in that probes labeled biomarkers are used to help image particular targets or pathways. Biomarkers interact chemically with their surroundings and in turn alter the image according to molecular changes occurring within the area of interest. This process is markedly different from previous methods of imaging which primarily imaged differences in qualities such as density or water content. This ability to image fine molecular changes opens up an incredible number of exciting possibilities for medical application, including early detection and treatment of disease, in particular, melanoma and metastatic melanoma according to the present invention.

There are a number of different imaging modalities that can be used for noninvasive molecular imaging, using compounds according to the present invention. Each has different strengths and weaknesses and some are more adept at imaging multiple targets or sites than others. This is important in instances where metastatic melanoma is suspected. The modalities which can be used in the present invention are varied and in the present invention principally include single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), discussed below.

The main purpose of SPECT when used in melanoma imaging pursuant to the present invention is to measure the distribution of radioisotope in skin tissue, in particular, those skin regions and other tissues where melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, is suspected. The development of computed tomography in the 1970s allowed mapping of the distribution of the radioisotopes in tissue, and led to the technique now called SPECT.

The imaging agent used in SPECT emits gamma rays, as opposed to the positron emitters used in PET. There are a number of radioisotopes (such as ^(99m)Tc, ¹¹¹In, ¹²³I, ²⁰¹Tl, ⁶⁷Ga, ^(99m)Tc, and ²⁰³Pb, among other gamma ray emitters) that can be used in the present invention and imaged with SPECT technology. In SPECT, where possible, by rotating the gamma camera around the area to be analysed, a three dimensional image of the distribution of the radiotracer may be obtained by employing filtered back projection or other tomographic techniques. The radioisotopes used in SPECT have relatively long half lives (a few hours to a few days) making them easy to produce and relatively cheap in comparison to other radioisotopes. This represents the major advantage of SPECT as an imaging technique, since it is significantly cheaper than PET or other imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, SPECT sometimes lacks exceptional spatial (i.e., where exactly the particle is) or temporal (i.e., did the contrast agent signal happen at a particular millisecond or not) resolution.

Another imaging technique which finds particular use in the present invention is positron emission tomography (PET). In PET, a molecule is tagged with a positron emitting isotope. These positrons (β particles) interact with nearby electrons, emitting two 511,000 eV photons, directed 180 degrees apart in opposite directions. These photons are then detected by the scanner which can estimate the density of positron annihilations in a specific area. When enough interactions and annihilations have occurred, the density of the original molecule may be measured in that area. Typical isotopes include ¹¹C, ¹³N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁸F, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶²Cu, ¹²⁴I, ⁷⁶Br, ⁸²Rb and ⁶⁸Ga, among others, including the preferred ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴CU, ⁸⁶Y. One of the major disadvantages of PET is that most of the radioisotopes must be made with a cyclotron, thus making the use of PET, in certain instances prohibitively expensive. Most of these probes also have a half life measured in minutes and hours, thus forcing the cyclotron, in many instances, to be on site. These factors can make PET sometimes prohibitively expensive, except in certain cases, which the present invention addresses in certain aspects. PET imaging does have many advantages though. First and foremost is its sensitivity: a typical PET scanner can detect between 10¹¹ mol/L to 10⁻¹² mol/L concentrations.

The term “effective” is used, to describe an amount of a compound, component or composition, which produces an intended effect when used within the context of its use, which may be a diagnostic method, a therapeutic method, a method to monitor the progression of therapy or other method (chemical synthesis) pursuant to the present invention. In the case of therapeutic methods, an effective amount for treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, is that amount which shrinks cancerous tissue (e.g., tumor), produces a remission, prevents further growth of the tumor and/or reduces the likelihood that the cancer in its early stages (in situ or invasive) does not progress further to metastatic melanoma.

Noted here is that within the context of the use of the present invention, the patient will be receiving a radiation dose, which provides guidance to the amount of compound which is considered effective when used within the context of its use. A patient undergoing a nuclear medicine procedure will receive a radiation dose. Under present international guidelines it is assumed that any radiation dose, however small, presents a risk. The radiation doses delivered to a patient in a nuclear medicine investigation present a very small risk of side effects, including inducing cancer in the patient. In this respect it is similar to the risk from X-ray investigations except that the dose is delivered internally rather than from an external source such as an X-ray machine.

The radiation dose from a diagnostic nuclear medicine procedure is expressed as an effective dose with units of sieverts (usually given in millisieverts, mSv). The effective dose resulting from an investigation is influenced by the amount of radioactivity administered in megabecquerels (MBq), the physical properties of the radiopharmaceutical used, its distribution in the body and its rate of clearance from the body.

Effective doses can range from 6 μSv (0.006 mSv) for a 3 MBq chromium-51 EDTA measurement of glomerular filtration rate to 37 mSv or more for a 150 MBq thallium-201 non-specific tumour imaging procedure. The common bone scan with 600 MBq of technetium-99m-MDP has an effective dose of 3 mSv. Formerly, units of measurement were the Curie (Ci), being 3.7E10 Bq, and also 1.0 grams of radium (Ra-226); the rad (radiation absorbed dose), now replaced by the Gray; and the rem (röntgen equivalent man), now replaced with the Sievert. The rad and rem are essentially equivalent for almost all nuclear medicine procedures, and only alpha radiation will produce a higher Rem or Sv value, due to its much higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE).

The term “coadministration” or “combination therapy” is used to describe a therapy in which at least two active compounds (one of which is a compound according to the present invention) in effective amounts are used to treat melanoma, including metastatic melanoma as otherwise described herein at the same time. Although the term coadministration preferably includes the administration of two active compounds to the patient at the same time, it is not necessary that the compounds be administered to the patient at the same time, although effective amounts of the individual compounds will be present in the patient at the same time. Compounds according to the present invention may be administered with one or more compound including a chemotherapeutic agent such as dacarbazine (DTIC) and/or and immunotherapeutic agent such as IL-2 and/or α-interferon, among other compounds.

The term “treating” or “successfully treating” when used in the context of treating melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, shall include shrinking a tumor, curing melanoma, including melanoma which has metastazied (by causing a remission of the cancer in the patient) or reducing the likelihood or preventing the spread of the melanoma into other organs. Melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, may be treated using compounds according to the present invention alone, or in combination with other methods and/or compounds including surgery, chemotherapy (especially the use of the chemotherapeutic agent dacarbazine or DTIC), radiation therapy (i.e., with agents other than the present therapeutic compositions) and immunotherapy (IL-2 and/or α-interferon).

In certain aspects of the invention, where the basic compound and in particular, the DOTA group, as described above, is complexed with a radioisotope for purposes of being used in the diagnosis or therapy of melanoma, including metastatic melanoma, the invention relates to compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts according to the general chemical structure (note that the radioisotope may be complexed to one or more carbonyl/carboxyl groups of the DOTA moiety as well):

Where X, A, B, C, m, n and CycMSH_(hex) are as otherwise described hereinabove; and the radioisotope (R₁) is selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵A, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Preferred compounds according to the present invention relate to compounds according to the structure (note that the radioisotope may be complexed to one or more carbonyl/carboxyl groups of the DOTA moiety as well):

Where X, A, B, C, m, n and R₁ are the same as described above.

Additional preferred compounds according to the present invention may be represented by the following structure (note that the radioisotope may be complexed to one or more carbonyl/carboxyl groups of the DOTA moiety as well):

Where Ri is the same as described above and ABC is a diamino acid linker (A or C is not present) comprising two amino acids selected from the group consisting of neutral amino acids, negatively charged amino acids or mixtures thereof, and which may be preferably selected from the group consisting of GlyGly, LeuGlu, LeuAsp, NleGlu, NleAsp, GlyGlu, GlyAsp, GluGlu, GluAsp, AspGlu and AspAsp, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Alternatively, ABC may be preferably GlyGlyGly, GlySerGly, GlyGlyNle, GlyGluNle or NleGlyGlu, as well as GlyGlyGlyNle, GlySerGlyNle, GlyAspGlyNle, GlyGluGlyNle and PEG2Nle linkers.

In certain embodiments, the linker X is preferably

Wherein p is 2 to 8, k is 1 to 4 (more preferably 1 or 2), s is 0, 1 or 2 (more preferably 0) and i is 1 or 2.

Alternative preferred compounds according to the present invention are represented by the chemical structure (note that the radioisotope may be complexed to one or more carbonyl/carboxyl groups of the DOTA moiety as well):

Wherein X is a neutral amino acid, preferably leucine or norleucine, preferably norleucine (Nle), m is 1 or 2 and R_(i) is the same as otherwise described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In preferred aspects, R_(i) is selected from the group consisting of ¹¹¹In, ⁸⁶Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁴Cu and ^(99m)Tc when the compounds are to be used diagnostically or to monitor therapeutic intervention and is selected from the group consisting of ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²¹²Bi/²¹²Pb, ²¹³Bi, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶⁶Ho and ¹⁵³Sm when compounds according to the present invention are used in radiation therapy to treat melanoma, including metastatic melanoma.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient in pharmaceutical dosage form. For diagnostic purposes pharmaceutical compositions are formulated generally in parenteral dosage form, especially for intravenous administration, although oral or topical formulations may be useful in certain instances. In the case of the use of compounds according to the present invention for therapeutic purposes, the compositions are formulated preferably in parenteral or topical dosage forms, although orally administered dosage forms are also useful.

The compounds of the present invention, may, in accordance with the invention, be administered in single or divided doses by the oral, parenteral or topical routes. Administration of the active compound may range from a single intravenous injection to continuous (intravenous drip) to several oral administrations per day (for example, Q.I.D.) and may include oral, topical, parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, sub-cutaneous, transdermal (which may include a penetration enhancement agent), buccal, sublingual and suppository administration, among other routes of administration. Enteric coated oral tablets may also be used to enhance bioavailability of the compounds from an oral route of administration. The most effective dosage form will depend upon the pharmacokinetics of the particular agent chosen as well as the severity of disease in the patient. Administration of compounds according to the present invention as sprays, mists, or aerosols for intra-nasal, intra-tracheal or pulmonary administration may also be used. The present invention therefore also is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compound according to the present invention, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.

The amount of compound used is that amount effective within the context of the administration, whether that administration is for diagnostic purposes or therapeutic purposes. A suitable oral dosage for a compound according to the present invention would be in the range of about 0.01 mg to 10 g or more per day, preferably about 0.1 mg to about 1 g per day. In parenteral formulations, a suitable dosage unit may contain from 0.1 to 250 mg of said compounds, which may be administered from one to four times per day (for diagnostic purpose, preferably once in a bolus dose), whereas for topical administration, formulations containing 0.01 to 1% active ingredient are preferred. It should be understood, however, that the dosage administration from patient to patient will vary and the dosage for any particular patient will depend upon the clinician's judgment, who will use as criteria for fixing a proper dosage the size and condition of the patient as well as the patient's response to the drug.

When the compounds of the present invention are to be administered by the oral route, they may be administered as medicaments in the form of pharmaceutical preparations which contain them in association with a compatible pharmaceutical carrier, additive or excipient material. Such carrier material can be an inert organic or inorganic carrier material suitable for oral administration. Examples of such carrier materials are water, gelatin, talc, starch, magnesium stearate, gum arabic, vegetable oils, polyalkylene-glycols, petroleum jelly and the like.

The pharmaceutical preparations can be prepared in a conventional manner and finished dosage forms can be solid dosage forms, for example, tablets, dragees, capsules, and the like, or liquid dosage forms, for example solutions, suspensions, emulsions and the like.

The pharmaceutical preparations may be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization. Further, the pharmaceutical preparations may contain conventional adjuvants such as preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifiers, flavor-improvers, wetting agents, buffers, salts for varying the osmotic pressure and the like. Solid carrier material which can be used include, for example, starch, lactose, mannitol, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, talc, silica, dibasic calcium phosphate, and high molecular weight polymers (such as polyethylene glycol).

For parenteral use, a compound according to the present invention can be administered in an aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion in a pharmaceutically acceptable oil or a mixture of liquids, which may contain bacteriostatic agents, antioxidants, preservatives, buffers or other solutes to render the solution isotonic with the blood, thickening agents, suspending agents or other pharmaceutically acceptable additives. Additives of this type include, for example, tartrate, citrate and acetate buffers, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, complex formers (such as EDTA), antioxidants (such as sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, and ascorbic acid), high molecular weight polymers (such as liquid polyethylene oxides) for viscosity regulation and polyethylene derivatives of sorbitol anhydrides. Preservatives may also be added if necessary, such as benzoic acid, methyl or propyl paraben, benzalkonium chloride and other quaternary ammonium compounds. In certain preferred diagnostic and/or therapeutic embodiments, compounds according to the present invention are administered intravenously in sterile saline solution.

The compounds of this invention may also be administered as solutions for nasal application and may contain in addition to the compounds of this invention suitable buffers, tonicity adjusters, microbial preservatives, antioxidants and viscosity-increasing agents in an aqueous vehicle. Examples of agents used to increase viscosity are polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysorbates or glycerin. Preservatives added may include benzalkonium chloride, chloro-butanol or phenylethyl alcohol, among numerous others.

Additionally, the compounds provided by the invention can be administered by suppository.

In certain aspects according to the present invention, where various cancers are to be treated, the compounds may be co-administered with at least one other anti-cancer agent such as dacarbazine (DTIC) or an immunotherapeutic agent such as IL-2 and/or α-interferon. In addition, compounds according to the present invention may be administered prior to, during or after surgery to remove melanoma tissue.

Preparation of compounds according to the present invention proceeds using standard synthetic chemical techniques which are readily available in the art. Synthetic methods for obtaining compounds related to the present invention may be found in the examples section of the present specification. These methods can serve as guides for obtaining compounds according to the present invention. In general, the present compounds may be made by condensing an activated DOTA or other chelating group (containing a leaving group or using a coupling agent to facilitate the binding of the carboxyl group on DOTA or other chelating group to the amine terminal group of the amino acid linker (including, in certain cases, the lysine side chain amine group) or, in the case where the linker is absent directly to the amine group of the cyclic peptide (CycMSH_(hex).) The radionuclide may be complexed to the chelate (DOTA) group either before or after the activated chelate (DOTA) group is condensed onto the linker-Cyclic peptide or directly onto the Cyclic peptide (linker not present). The linker-cyclic peptide and/or the cyclic peptide with no linker is synthesized using conventional peptide synthesis (as otherwise described in the examples section or using methods readily available in the art using protecting group chemistry) and the various condensation and other reactions, etc. are readily performed using methods described herein or otherwise as readily known in the art. See FIG. 2 hereof for a preferred synthetic approach. Other approaches will be readily recognized to those of ordinary skill.

Once the compounds are synthesized, they may be formulated in pharmaceutical dosage form using convention pharmaceutical formulation methods readily available in the art by simply admixing compounds with chosen carriers, additives and/or excipients, depending upon the dosage form to be used and depending upon the use (diagnostic or therapeutic) of the compositions.

The following examples are provided to assist in describing the present invention. The details of these examples and the general description of the examples are for description purposes only and should be seen or taken to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

EXAMPLES First Set

Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

Amino acid and resin were purchased from Advanced ChemTech Inc. (Louisville, Ky.) and Novabiochem (San Diego, Calif.). DOTA-tri-t-butyl ester was purchased from Macrocyclics Inc. (Richardson, Tex.). ¹¹¹InCl₃ was purchased from Trace Life Sciences, Inc. (Dallas, Tex.). ¹²⁵I-Tyr²-[Nle⁴, D-Phe⁷]-α-MSH {¹²⁵I-(Tyr²)-NDP-MSH} was obtained from PerkinElmer, Inc. (Waltham, Mass.). All other chemicals used in this study were purchased from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Waltham, Mass.) and used without further purification. B16/F1 melanoma cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.).

Peptide Synthesis

DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was synthesized using standard fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry. Briefly, intermediate scaffold of (tBu)₃DOTA-Nle-Asp(O-2-PhiPr)-His(Trt)-DPhe-Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Dde) was synthesized on H₂N-Sieber amide resin by an Advanced ChemTech multiple-peptide synthesizer (Louisville, Ky.). The protecting group of Dde was removed by 2% hydrazine for peptide cyclization. The protecting group of 2-phenylisopropyl was removed and the protected peptide was cleaved from the resin treating with a mixture of 2.5% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 5% of triisopropylsilane for 1 h. After the precipitation with ice-cold ether and characterization by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), the protected peptide was dissolved in H₂O/CH₃CN (30:70) and lyophilized to remove the reagents such as TFA and triisopropylsilane. The protected peptide was further cyclized by coupling the carboxylic group from the Asp with the epsilon amino group from the Lys. The cyclization reaction was achieved by an overnight reaction in dimethylformamide (DMF) using benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium-hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) as a coupling agent in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). After the characterization by LC-MS, the cyclized protected peptide was dissolved in H₂O/CH₃CN (30:70) and lyophilized to remove the reagents such as PyBOP and DIEA. The protecting groups were totally removed by treating with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), thioanisole, phenol, water, ethanedithiol and triisopropylsilane (87.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5) for 4 h at room temperature (25° C.). The peptide was precipitated and washed with ice-cold ether four times, purified by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and characterized by LC-MS.

In Vitro Competitive Binding Assay

The IC₅₀ value of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was determined by in vitro competitive binding assay according to our previously published procedure (19). B16/F1 cells were harvested and seeded into a 24-well cell culture plate (5×10⁵ cells/well) and incubated at 37° C. overnight. After being washed twice with binding medium {Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 25 mM N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 7.4, 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.3 mM 1,10-phenathroline}, the cells were incubated at room temperature (25° C.) for 2 h with approximately 60,000 cpm of ¹²⁵I-Tyr²⁻NDP-MSH in the presence of increasing concentrations (10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁵ M) of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) in 0.3 mL of binding medium. The reaction medium was aspirated after the incubation. The cells were rinsed twice with 0.5 mL of ice-cold pH 7.4, 0.2% BSA/0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in 0.5 mL of 1 N NaOH for 5 minutes. The activities associated with cells were measured in a Wallac 1480 automated gamma counter (PerkinElmer, NJ). The IC₅₀ value of the peptide was calculated using Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, Calif.).

Peptide Radiolabeling with ¹¹¹In

¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was prepared in a 0.5 M NH₄OAc-buffered solution at pH 4.5 according to our published procedure (19). Briefly, 50 μl of ¹¹¹InCl₃ (37-74 MBq in 0.05 M HCl aqueous solution), 10 μL of 1 mg/mL DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) aqueous solution and 400 μL of 0.5 M NH₄OAc (pH 4.5) were added into a reaction vial and incubated at 75° C. for 45 min. After the incubation, 10 μL of 0.5% EDTA aqueous solution was added into the reaction vial to scavenge potential unbound ¹¹¹In³⁺ ions. The radiolabeled peptide was purified to single species by Waters RP-HPLC (Milford, Mass.) on a Grace Vydac C-18 reverse phase analytical column (Deerfield, Ill.) using a 20-minute gradient of 18-28% acetonitrile in 20 mM HCl aqueous solution with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Purified peptide sample was purged with N₂ gas for 20 minutes to remove the acetonitrile. The pH of final solution was adjusted to 7.4 with 0.1 N NaOH and sterile normal saline for animal studies. In vitro serum stability of ¹¹¹In- DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was determined by incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for 24 h and monitored for degradation by RP-HPLC.

Cellular Internalization and Efflux of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)

Cellular internalization and efflux of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(h), were evaluated in B16/F1 melanoma cells. After being washed twice with the binding medium, the B16/F1 cells seeded in cell culture plates were incubated at 25° C. for 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 mM (n=3) in the presence of approximate 200,000 counts per minute (cpm) of HPLC-purified ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). After incubation, the reaction medium was aspirated and the cells were rinsed with 2×0.5 mL of ice-cold pH 7.4, 0.2% BSA/0.01 M PBS. Cellular internalization of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was assessed by washing the cells with acidic buffer [40 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) containing 0.9% NaCl and 0.2% BSA] to remove the membrane-bound radioactivity. The remaining internalized radioactivity was obtained by lysing the cells with 0.5 mL of 1 N NaOH for 5 min. Membrane-bound and internalized ¹¹¹In activities were counted in a gamma counter. Cellular efflux of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(h), was determined by incubating the B16/F1 cells with ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(h), for 2 h at 25° C., removing non-specific-bound activity with 2×0.5 mL of ice-cold PBS rinse, and monitoring radioactivity released into cell culture medium. At time points of 20, 40, 60, 90 and 120 min, the radioactivities on the cell surface and inside the cells were separately collected and counted in a gamma counter.

Biodistribution Studies

All the animal studies were conducted in compliance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval. The mice were housed five animals per cage in sterile micro-isolator cages in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room with a 12-h light/12-h dark schedule. The pharmacokinetics of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 female mice (Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind.). C57 mice were subcutaneously inoculated on the right flank with 1×10⁶ B16/F1 cells. The weight of tumors reached approximately 0.2 g 10 days post cell inoculation. Each melanoma-bearing mouse was injected with 0.037 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(h), via the tail vein. Groups of 5 mice were sacrificed at 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, and tumors and organs of interest were harvested, weighed and counted. Blood values were taken as 6.5% of the whole-body weight. The tumor uptake specificity of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was determined by co-injecting 10 μg of unlabeled NDP-MSH, a linear α-MSH peptide analogue with picomolar affinity for the MC1 receptor present on the melanoma cells. To examine whether L-lysine co-injection can reduce the renal uptake or not, a group of 5 mice were injected with a mixture of 12 mg of L-lysine and 0.037 MBq of ^(Ill)In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). The mice were sacrificed at 2 h post-injection. The tumor and organs of interest were harvested, weighed and counted.

Melanoma Imaging with ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)

Two B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice (10 days post the cell inoculation) were injected with 37.0 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) via the tail vein, respectively. The mice were sacrificed for small animal SPECT/CT (Nano-SPECT/CT®, Bioscan) imaging at 2 and 24 h post-injection. The 9-min CT imaging was immediately followed by the whole-body SPECT imaging. The SPECT scans of 24 projections were acquired and total acquisition time was approximately 60 mM. Reconstructed data from SPECT and CT were visualized and co-registered using InVivoScope (Bioscan, Washington D.C.).

Urinary Metabolites of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)

The mouse used for the imaging study (2 h post-injection) described above was euthanized and the urine was collected for indentifying the metablites. The urinary sample was centrifuged at 16,000 g for 5 min prior to the HPLC analysis. The radioactive metabolite in the urine was analyzed by injecting aliquots of urine into the HPLC. A 20-minute gradient of 18-28% acetonitrile/20 mM HCl was used for the urine analysis.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test for unpaired data. A 95% confidence level was chosen to determine the significance between the tumor uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with or without NDP-MSH co-injection, and between the renal uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with or without L-lysine co-injection in the biodistribution studies described above. Differences at the 95% confidence level (p<0.05) were considered significant.

Results

To examine the profound effect of the peptide ring size on the melanoma and kidney uptakes of the ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide, a novel peptide of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was synthesized and purified by RP-HPLC. The identity of the peptide was confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EIMS MW: 1368.5; Calculated MW: 1368.2). DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed greater than 95% purity with 30% overall synthetic yield. The schematic structures of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH are shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 illustrates the synthetic scheme of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). The competitive binding curve of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) is presented in FIG. 3A. The IC₅₀ value of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 1.77 nM in B16/F1 cells.

The peptide was readily labeled with ¹¹¹In in 0.5 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.5 with greater than 95% radiolabeling yield. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was completely separated from its excess non-labeled peptide by RP-HPLC. The retention time of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 10.7 min. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) showed greater than 98% radiochemical purity after the HPLC purification. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was stable in mouse serum at 37° C. for 24 h. Only the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was detected by RP-HPLC after 24 h of incubation.

Cellular internalization and efflux of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were evaluated in B16/F1 cells. FIGS. 3B and 3C illustrate the cellular internalization and efflux of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited rapid cellular internalization and extended cellular retention. There were 72.9±3.5% and 88.3±0.7% of the cellular uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) activity internalized in the B16/F1 cells at 20 and 120 min post incubation, respectively. Cellular efflux results demonstrated that 89.5±1.9% of internalized ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) activity remained inside the cells 2 h after incubating cells in culture medium.

The melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The biodistribution results of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) are shown in Table 1. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited very rapid high melanoma uptake and prolonged tumor retention in melanoma-bearing mice. At 0.5 h post-injection, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) reached its peak tumor uptake value of 24.94±4.58% ID/g. There were 17.01±2.54% ID/g and 10.53±1.11% ID/g of the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) activity remained in the tumors at 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively. In melanoma uptake blocking study, the tumor uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with 10 μg of non-radiolabeled NDP-MSH co-injection was only 4.2% of the tumor uptake without NDP-MSH co-injection at 2 h after dose administration (p<0.05), demonstrating that the tumor uptake was specific and MC1 receptor-mediated. Whole-body clearance of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was rapid, with approximately 82% of the injected radioactivity cleared through the urinary system by 2 h post-injection (Table 1, below). Normal organ uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were low (<1.89% ID/g) except for the kidneys at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection. High tumor/blood and high tumor/normal organ uptake ratios were achieved as early as 0.5 h post-injection (Table 1). As the major excretion pathway of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), the kidney uptake value was 16.20±4.32% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection and decreased to 9.31±0.91% ID/g at 24 h post-injection. The tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) are presented in FIG. 4. The tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2.04, 1.70 and 1.13 at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection. Co-injection of NDP-MSH didn't reduce the renal uptake of the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) activity at 2 h post-injection, indicating that the renal uptake was not MC1 receptor-mediated. Co-injection of L-lysine significantly (p<0.05) reduced the kidney uptake value by 30% at 2 h post-injection (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Biodistribution of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The data were presented as percent injected dose/gram or as percent injected dose (Mean ± SD, n = 5) 2 h L- 2 h NDP lysine co- Tissues 0.5 h 2 h 4 h 24 h blockade injection Percent injected dose/gram (% ID/g) Tumor 24.94 ± 4.58  19.39 ± 1.65  17.01 ± 2.54  10.53 ± 1.11   0.81 ± 0.03* 14.48 ± 3.25  Brain 0.21 ± 0.07 0.02 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01 0.01 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 Blood 3.33 ± 0.35 0.11 ± 0.07 0.05 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.05 0.92 ± 0.48 Heart 1.24 ± 0.15 0.16 ± 0.10 0.12 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.05 0.06 ± 0.02 0.37 ± 0.02 Lung 2.45 ± 0.83 0.32 ± 0.10 0.10 ± 0.05 0.10 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.06 0.75 ± 0.21 Liver 2.75 ± 0.26 1.46 ± 0.20 1.72 ± 0.07 1.89 ± 0.14 1.46 ± 0.08 1.42 ± 0.30 Spleen 1.09 ± 0.33 0.41 ± 0.13 0.47 ± 0.13 0.32 ± 0.08 0.44 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.07 Stomach 3.20 ± 0.98 1.25 ± 0.24 1.49 ± 0.12 1.34 ± 0.42 0.36 ± 0.14 1.64 ± 0.78 Kidneys 16.20 ± 4.32  9.52 ± 0.44 9.99 ± 1.39 9.31 ± 0.91 11.56 ± 0.56   6.66 ± 0.62* Muscle 0.60 ± 0.22 0.15 ± 0.08 0.10 ± 0.08 0.03 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.08 Pancreas 1.18 ± 0.38 0.14 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.02 0.23 ± 0.08 0.12 ± 0.02 0.21 ± 0.05 Bone 1.34 ± 0.40 0.18 ± 0.10 0.22 ± 0.15 0.16 ± 0.03 0.05 ± 0.04 0.55 ± 0.14 Skin 4.11 ± 0.72 0.66 ± 0.23 0.53 ± 0.05 0.64 ± 0.16 0.29 ± 0.02 1.02 ± 0.09 Percent injected dose (% ID) Intestines 2.16 ± 0.28 1.40 ± 0.56 3.03 ± 1.06 1.41 ± 0.86 1.14 ± 0.47 1.85 ± 0.73 Urine 57.00 ± 3.91  82.23 ± 5.83  84.61 ± 5.21  87.29 ± 3.60  92.25 ± 1.56  76.79 ± 5.35  Tumor to normal tissue uptake ratio Tumor/Blood 7.49 176.27 340.20 526.50 11.57 15.74 Tumor/Kidneys 1.54 2.04 1.70 1.13 0.07 2.17 Tumor/Lung 10.18 60.59 170.10 105.30 2.70 19.31 Tumor/Liver 9.07 13.28 9.89 5.57 0.55 10.20 Tumor/Muscle 41.57 129.27 170.10 351.00 40.50 144.80 Tumor/Skin 6.07 29.38 32.09 16.45 2.79 14.20 *P < 0.05, significance comparison between the tumor uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with or without NDP-MSH blockade, and between the kidney uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with or without L-lysine co-injection.

Two B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice were separately injected with 37.0 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) through the tail vein to visualize the tumors at 2 and 24 h post dose administration. The whole-body SPECT/CT images are presented in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Flank melanoma tumors were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT at 2 and 24 h post-injection of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). Both images showed high tumor to normal organ uptake ratios except for the kidneys, which was coincident with the biodistribution results. Urinary metabolite of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was analyzed by RP-HPLC 2 h post-injection. FIG. 5C illustrates the urinary HPLC profile of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) remained intact in the urine 2 h post-injection.

Discussion

Cyclization strategies using disulfide bridge, lactam bridge and metal coordination have been successfully employed to cyclize the α-MSH peptides to enhance the binding affinities and in vivo stabilities of the peptides (21-24). Both ¹¹¹In-labeled metal-cyclized and lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides exhibited greater melanoma uptake and lower renal uptake values than those of ¹¹¹In-labeled disulfide bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide (19, 27). We have reported a novel class of melanoma-specific ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides for both primary and metastatic melanoma imaging (19, 20). In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH (FIG. 1), with a 12-amino acid peptide ring, exhibited great potential as a melanoma-specific imaging probe in detecting both primary and metastatic melanoma lesions (19, 20). However, the tumor uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH was 60.15% of the tumor uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH, whereas the kidney uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH was 1.5 times the renal uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2 h post-injection in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice (17, 19). The structural differences between ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH (FIG. 1) indicated that smaller size of the peptide ring might contribute to the more favorable melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH since there was a 8-amino acid peptide ring in ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH whereas there was a 12-amino acid peptide ring in ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH. Moreover, It was reported that the lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide with a 6-amino acid peptide ring {Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Lys(CONH₂)]} displayed not only higher MC1 receptor binding affinity, but also slower MC1 receptor dissociation rate than the native α-MSH peptide (25). Therefore, we synthesized a novel DOTA-conjugated lactam bridge-cyclized peptide with a 6-amino acid peptide ring {DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex)} to examine the profound effect of the peptide ring size on the tumor and kidney uptakes in this study.

The conjugation of DOTA to the N-terminus of the peptide and the reduction of the peptide ring size did not sacrifice the MC1 receptor binding affinity of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited 1.77 nM MC1 receptor binding affinity in B16/F1 melanoma cells (FIG. 3A). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed rapid internalization and prolonged retention in B16/F1 melanoma cells, highlighting its potential as an effective imaging probe for melanoma detection, as well as its potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment when labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide. As we anticipated, the strategy of reducing the ring size of the lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide resulted in improved tumor uptake and prolonged tumor retention. Compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH with a 12-amino acid peptide ring, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) (FIG. 1) only had a 6-amino acid peptide ring. The tumor uptake value (19.39±2.72% ID/g) of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 1.86 times the tumor uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH 2 h post-injection in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) also exhibited prolonged tumor retention than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH. At 24 h post-injection, 54.3% of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) activity at 2 h post-injection (10.53±1.11% ID/g) remained in the tumors (Table 1), whereas only 22.8% of the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH radioactivity at 2 h post-injection (2.37±0.28% ID/g) remained inside the tumors. Urinary analysis demonstrated that the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) remained intact 2 h post-injection (FIG. 5C). It is likely that both high in vivo stability of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) and low MC1 receptor dissociation rate (15) contributed to the rapid high melanoma uptake (24.94±4.58% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection) and prolonged tumor retention (10.53±1.11% ID/g at 24 h post-injection) of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice.

The reduction of the peptide ring size also decreased the non-specific kidney uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH (19) at 2 and 4 h post-injection. The renal uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were only 72.8% and 82.4% of the renal uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH at 2 and 4 h post-injection, respectively. The renal uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was further reduced with L-lysine co-injection by 30% at 2 h post-injection, demonstrating that the electrostatic interaction between ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) and the kidney cells played an important role in the renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). The synergistic effects of an increase of the tumor uptake and a decrease of the renal uptake dramatically improved the tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) at all time points investigated in this study. Improved tumor uptake and decreased kidney uptake resulted in superior tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) than those of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-CycMSH-CycMSH at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection. The tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2.55, 2.79 and 4.35 times the tumor to kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively (FIG. 4). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) remained intact in the urine 2 (FIG. 5C) whereas all of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-CycMSH-CycMSH transformed into two polar metabolites in the urine 2 h post-injection (19), which might contribute to the decreased renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex).

Recently, ^(99m)Tc-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides {[Ac-Nle⁴,Asp⁵,D-Phe⁷,Lys¹¹(pz-^(99m)Tc(CO)₃)]α-MSH₄₋₁₁ and ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-13Ala-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂} have been reported for melanoma targeting (28, 29). ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-13Ala-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂ exhibited superior melanoma uptake (11.31±1.81% ID/g) to [Ac-Nle⁴,Asp⁵,D-Phe⁷,Lys¹¹(pz-^(99m)Tc(CO)₃)]α-MSH₄₋₁₁ (4.24±0.94% ID/g) at 4 h post-injection in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. However, ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-13Ala-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂ displayed high accumulation and prolonged retention in both liver (22.86±1.17% ID/g) and kidneys (32.12±1.57% ID/g) at 4 h post-injection, which might limit its potential application in metastatic melanoma imaging. In this study, the tumor uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 1.5 times the tumor uptake of ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-βAla-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂ at 4 h post-injection, whereas the liver and renal uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were only 7.5% and 31.1% of the ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-βAla-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂ at 4 h post-injection. Dramatic increase of the tumor uptake and decrease of the liver and kidney uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) were likely due to the structural differences between ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-pz-13Ala-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂ and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex).

Currently, metal-cyclized ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH showed the highest melanoma uptake among all reported ¹¹¹In-labeled linear and cyclic α-MSH peptides (17). The tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH were 17.29±2.49, 17.41±5.63 and 8.19±1.63% ID/g at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively (17). Remarkably, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited 1.12, 0.98 and 1.29 times the tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, respectively. Meanwhile, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) showed slightly higher but similar renal uptake values to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2 and 4 h post-injection. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited comparable tumor to kidney ratios as ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2 and 24 h post-injection despite that the tumor to kidney uptake ratio of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was 28% less than that of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 4 h post-injection. It was reported that a single-dose treatment of ²¹²Pb-labeled DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH (200 uCi) resulted in 44% cures in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice (11). Accordingly, it would be likely that the treatment of ²¹²Pb-labeled DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), would yield similar quantitative therapeutic effect for melanoma in the future since ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed comparable tumor to kidney ratios as ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2 and 24 h post-injection.

Conclusion

The ring size of the ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide exhibited a profound effect on its melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties. The reduction of the peptide ring size dramatically increased the melanoma uptake and decreased the renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), providing a new insight into the design of novel radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptide for melanoma imaging and treatment.

Further Examples Materials and Methods

Chemicals and Reagents

Amino acids and resin were purchased from Advanced ChemTech Inc. (Louisville, Ky.) and Novabiochem (San Diego, Calif.). DOTA-tri-t-butyl ester was purchased from Macrocyclics Inc. (Richardson, Tex.) for peptide synthesis. ¹²⁵I-Tyr²-[Nle⁴ , D-Phe⁷]-α-MSH {¹²⁵I-(Tyr²)-NDP-MSH} was obtained from PerkinElmer, Inc. (Waltham, Mass.) for in vitro receptor binding assay. ¹¹¹InCl₃ was purchased from Trace Life Sciences, Inc. (Dallas, Tex.) for radiolabeling. All other chemicals used in this study were purchased from Thermo Fischer Scientific (Waltham, Mass.) and used without further purification. B16/F1 murine melanoma cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.).

Peptide Synthesis

New DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) peptides were synthesized using standard fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) chemistry according to the inventors' published procedure (19, second set of references) with modifications. Briefly, linear peptide backbones of (tBu)₃DOTA-Gly-Gly-Nle-Asp(O-2-PhiPr)-His(Trt)-DPhe-Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Dde), (tBu)₃DOTA-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-Nle-Asp(O-2-PhiPr)-His(Trt)-DPhe-Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Dde) and (tBu)₃DOTA-Nle-Gly-Glu(OtBu)-Asp(O-2-PhiPr)-His(Trt)-DPhe-Arg(Pbf)-Trp(Boc)-Lys(Dde) were synthesized on Sieber Amide resin by an Advanced ChemTech multiple-peptide synthesizer (Louisville, Ky.). Seventy micromoles of resin, 210 μmol of each Fmoc-protected amino acid and 210 μmol of (tBu)₃DOTA were used for the synthesis. The protecting group of Dde was removed by 2% hydrazine for peptide cyclization. The protecting group of 2-phenylisopropyl was removed and the protected peptide was cleaved from the resin treating with a mixture of 2.5% of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and 5% of triisopropylsilane. After the precipitation with ice-cold ether and characterization by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), each protected peptide was dissolved in H₂O/CH₃CN (50:50) and lyophilized to remove the reagents. Then, each protected peptide was further cyclized by coupling the carboxylic group from the Asp with the epsilon amino group from the Lys. The cyclization reaction was achieved by an overnight reaction in dimethylformamide (DMF) using benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium-hexafluorophosphate (PyBOP) as a coupling agent in the presence of N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA). After the characterization by LC-MS, each cyclized protected peptide was dissolved in H₂O/CH₃CN (50:50) and lyophilized to remove the reagents. The protecting groups were totally removed by treating with a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), thioanisole, phenol, water, ethanedithiol and triisopropylsilane (87.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5) for 2 h at room temperature (25° C.). Each peptide was precipitated and washed with ice-cold ether four times, purified by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and characterized by LC-MS.

In Vitro Receptor Binding Assay

The receptor binding affinities (IC₅₀ values) of DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) were determined by in vitro competitive binding assay according to the published procedure (19) with modifications. B16/F1 cells in 24-well cell culture plates (5×10⁵ cells/well) were incubated at room temperature (25° C.) for 2 h with approximately 60,000 cpm of ¹²⁵I-Tyr²⁻NDP-MSH in the presence of 10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁵ M of each peptide in 0.3 mL of binding medium {Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 25 mM N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-N′-(2-ethanesulfonic acid), pH 7.4, 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.3 mM 1,10-phenathroline}. The medium was aspirated after the incubation. The cells were rinsed twice with 0.5 mL of ice-cold pH 7.4, 0.2% BSA/0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and lysed in 0.5 mL of 1 N NaOH for 5 minutes. The activities associated with cells were measured in a Wallac 1480 automated gamma counter (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass.). The IC₅₀ value of each peptide was calculated using Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, Calif.).

Peptide Radiolabeling with ¹¹¹In

Since DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited at least 78-fold lower receptor binding affinity than DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex), we only further evaluated DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex). ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were prepared in a 0.5 M NH₄OAc-buffered solution at pH 4.5 according to our published procedure (19). Briefly, 50 μL of ¹¹¹InCl₃ (37-74 MBq in 0.05 M HCl aqueous solution), 10 μL of 1 mg/mL peptide aqueous solution and 400 μL of 0.5 M NH₄OAc (pH 4.5) were added into a reaction vial and incubated at 75° C. for 45 mins. After the incubation, 10 μL of 0.5% EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) aqueous solution was added into the reaction vial to scavenge potential unbound ¹¹¹In³⁺ ions. The radiolabeled complexes were purified to single species by Waters RP-HPLC (Milford, Mass.) on a Grace Vydac C-18 reverse phase analytical column (Deerfield, Ill.) using the following gradient at a 1 mL/min flowrate. The mobile phase consisted of solvent A (20 mM HCl aqueous solution) and solvent B (100% CH₃CN). The gradient was initiated and kept at 82:18 A/B for 3 mins followed by a linear gradient of 82:18 A/B to 72:28 A/B over 20 mins. Then, the gradient was changed from 72:28 A/B to 10:90 A/B over 3 mins followed by an additional 5 mins at 10:90 A/B. Thereafter, the gradient was changed from 10:90 AB to 82:18 AB over 3 mins. Each purified peptide sample was purged with N₂ gas for 20 mins to remove the acetonitrile. The pH of the final solution was adjusted to 7.4 with 0.1 N NaOH and sterile saline for animal studies. In vitro serum stability of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were determined by incubation in mouse serum at 37° C. for 24 h and monitored for degradation by RP-HPLC.

Biodistribution Studies

All animal studies were conducted in compliance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval. The pharmacokinetics of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 female mice (Harlan, Indianapolis, Ind.). The C57 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 1×10⁶ B16/F1 cells on the right flank for each mouse to generate B16/F1 melanomas. Ten days post inoculation, the tumor weights reached approximately 0.2 g. Each melanoma-bearing mouse was injected with 0.037 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) or ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) via the tail vein. Groups of 5 mice were sacrificed at 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, and tumors and organs of interest were harvested, weighed and counted. Blood values were taken as 6.5% of the whole-body weight. The specificities of the tumor uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were determined by co-injecting 10 μg (6.07 nmol) of unlabeled NDP-MSH which is a linear α-MSH peptide analogue with picomolar MC1 receptor binding affinity.

Melanoma Imaging

Since ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed more favorable tumor targeting and pharmacokinetic properties than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex), we only further evaluated the melanoma imaging property of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex). One B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mouse (10 days post the cell inoculation) was injected with 37.0 MBq of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) via the tail vein. The mouse was sacrificed for small animal SPECT/CT (Nano-SPECT/CT®, Bioscan) imaging at 2 h post-injection. The CT imaging was immediately followed by the whole-body SPECT imaging. The SPECT scans of 24 projections were acquired. Reconstructed SPECT and CT data were visualized and co-registered using InVivoScope (Bioscan, Washington D.C.).

Metabolites of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) in Melanoma and Urine

Both melanoma and urine were collected from the mouse used for SPECT/CT imaging to analyze the metabolites of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) in melanoma and urine. The tumor was homogenized by a VWR homogenizer for 5 mins. Equal volume of ethanol was added into the tumor sample. The tumor sample was vortexed and then centrifuged at 16,000 g for 5 mins. The supernatant was transferred into a glass test tube and purged with N₂ gas for 20 mins to remove the ethanol. Aliquots of the supernatant were injected into HPLC. The urinary sample was directly centrifuged at 16,000 g for 5 mins prior to the HPLC analysis. Thereafter, aliquots of the urine were injected into HPLC. The HPLC gradient described above was used for the analyses of metabolites.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test for unpaired data. A 95% confidence level was chosen to determine the significant difference in tumor and renal uptakes between ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex), as well as the significant difference in tumor and renal uptakes between ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) or ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) with/without NDP-MSH co-injection. The differences at the 95% confidence level (p<0.05) were considered significant.

Results

Three novel α-MSH peptides, DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) were synthesized and purified by HPLC. All three peptides displayed greater than 95% purity after HPLC purification. The schematic structures of the peptides are shown in FIG. 6. The identities of the peptides were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The calculated and found molecular weights of the peptides are presented in Table 1A. The receptor binding affinities of the peptides were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The IC₅₀ values of DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex), DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-NleGE-CycMSH_(hex) were 2.1, 11.5 and 873.4 nM in B16/F1 cells, respectively (Table 1 and FIG. 8).

Only DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed low nanomolar MC1 receptor binding affinities. Hence, we only further evaluated DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex). DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were readily labeled with ¹¹¹In in 0.5 M ammonium acetate solution at pH 4.5 with greater than 95% radiolabeling yield. Each ¹¹¹In-labeled peptide was completely separated from its excess non-labeled peptide by RP-HPLC. The retention times of the peptides and their ¹¹¹In-labeled conjugates are showed in Table 1A. The retention times of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) were 17.7 and 21.7 min, respectively. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) showed greater than 98% radiochemical purities after HPLC purification, and were stable in mouse serum at 37° C. for 24 h. Only intact ¹¹¹In-labeled conjugates were detected by RP-HPLC after 24 h of incubation in mouse serum.

The inventors further evaluated the melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The biodistribution results of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) are shown in Table 2A. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited rapid high melanoma uptake and prolonged tumor retention. The tumor uptake value of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) was 18.39±2.22% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection. The tumor uptake reached its peak value of 19.05±5.04% ID/g at 2 h post-injection. ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed similar high tumor uptake (18.6±3.56% ID/g) at 4 h post-injection. Even at 24 h post-injection, there was 6.77±0.84% ID/g of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) activity remained in the tumor. Approximately 98% of the tumor uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) was blocked by 10 μg (6.07 nmol) of non-radiolabeled NDP-MSH (p<0.05), demonstrating that the tumor uptake was specific and MC1 receptor-mediated. Whole-body clearance of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) was rapid, with approximately 88.4% of the injected radioactivity cleared through the urinary system by 2 h post-injection (Table 2A). Normal organ uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were low (<1.31% ID/g) except for the kidneys 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection. The liver uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) was less than 0.61% ID/g at 2 h post-injection (Table 2A). The kidney uptake value was 15.19±2.75% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection, and decreased to 6.84±0.92% ID/g at 2 h post-injection (Table 2A). Co-injection of NDP-MSH didn't significantly reduce the renal uptake of the ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) activity at 2 h post-injection, indicating that the renal uptake was not MC1 receptor-mediated. High tumor uptake and prolonged tumor retention coupled with rapid whole-body clearance resulted in high tumor/blood and high tumor/normal organ uptake ratios that were achieved as early as 0.5 h post-injection (Table 2A). The tumor/liver uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 33.42 and 31.0 at 2 and 4 h post-injection, whereas the tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2.79 and 2.73 at 2 and 4 h post-injection.

¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) showed lower tumor uptake values than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) at 0.5, 2 and 4 h post-injection. The tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2, 2.5 and 3 times the tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) at 0.5, 2 and 4 h post-injection, respectively (Table 2A). Co-injection of non-radioactive NDP-MSH blocked 95.6% of the tumor uptake at 2 h post-injection (p<0.05), indicating that the tumor uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) was MC1 receptor-specific. Despite the similar renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) as ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) showed 40% lower renal uptake than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) at 0.5 h post-injection (p<0.05). The kidney uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) was as low as 9.06±2.20% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection and decreased to 5.54±0.63% ID/g at 2 h post-injection.

We further evaluated the melanoma imaging properties of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) since ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) showed more favorable biodistribution properties than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex). The whole-body SPECT/CT images are presented in FIG. 9. Flank melanoma tumors were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) as an imaging probe. The whole-body images showed high tumor to normal organ uptake ratios except for the kidneys, which was consistent with the biodistribution results. Melanoma and urinary metabolites of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were analyzed by RP-HPLC 2 h post-injection. FIG. 10 illustrates both the HPLC profiles of melanoma and urine samples. In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) remained intact in the both tumor and urine 2 h post-injection (FIG. 10).

Discussion

The present inventors have been interested in developing lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides to target the MC1 receptors for melanoma detection (15-19). Unique lactam bridge-cyclization makes the cyclic α-MSH peptides resistant to proteolytic degradations in vivo, as well as provides the flexibility for fine structural modification (15, 17, 19). Recently, we have identified ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) with a 6-amino acid ring targeting the MC1 receptors for melanoma imaging (19). Among these reported ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides (15, 17, 19), ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed the highest melanoma uptake values (24.94±4.58% ID/g at 0.5 h post-injection and 19.39±1.65% ID/g at 2 h post-injection) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing mice (19). The reduction of the ring size improved the tumor uptake and reduced the renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), providing a new insight into the design of novel lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides for melanoma targeting.

Hydrocarbon, amino acid and PEG linkers have been used to optimize the receptor binding affinities, as well as modifying the pharmacokinetic properties of radiolabeled bombesin (21-25), RGD (26-29) and α-MSH peptides (15, 16). For instance, Volkert and colleagues reported that the hydrocarbon linkers ranging from 5-carbon to 8-carbon between the DOTA and bombesin peptide resulted in 0.6-1.7 nM receptor binding affinities for the DOTA-conjugated bombesin peptides. Either shorter or longer hydrocarbon linkers dramatically reduce the receptor binding affinity by 100-fold (21). Rogers and colleagues reported the profound effects of amino acid linkers (-GlyGlyGly-, -GlySerGly-, -GlySerSer- and -GlyGluGly-) between the DOTA and bombesin peptide on tumor and normal organ uptakes of the radiolabeled peptides (25). ⁶⁴Cu-labeled DOTA-conjugated bombesin peptide with the -GlyGlyGly- linker displayed the higher PC-3 tumor uptake, whereas the -GlySerGly- linker resulted in lower renal uptake (25). Recently, Liu and colleagues reported the improvement in tumor uptakes and pharmacokinetics of ⁶⁴Cu- and ^(99m)Tc-labeled cyclic RGD peptides using the -GlyGlyGly- and PEG₄ linkers (26-29). We also demonstrated that the introduction of a negatively-charged -GlyGlu- linker enhanced the melanoma uptake and reduced the renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-CycMSH (15). Hence, we evaluated the effects of -GlyGly- and -GlyGlu-linkers on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-[X]-CycMSH_(hex) peptide constructs in this study.

DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) displayed 1.8 nM MC1 receptor binding affinity in B16/F1 melanoma cells in our previous report (19). The MC1 receptor binding sequence of His-dPhe-Arg-Trp was directly cyclized by an Asp-Lys lactam bridge to generate the CycMSH_(hex) moiety. The radiometal chelator DOTA was conjugated to the CycMSH_(hex) moiety via a Nle to form DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) peptide. Based on the unique structure of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex), we initially introduced the amino acid linker (-GlyGlu-) between the DOTA and Nle or between the Nle and CycMSH_(hex) moiety to determine which position was suitable for an amino acid linker. We found that the moiety of Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was critical for maintaining the low nanomolar MC1 receptor binding affinity of the peptide. The introduction of the -GlyGlu- linker between the Nle and CycMSH_(hex) moiety dramatically reduced the MC1 receptor binding affinity to 873.4 nM, whereas the introduction of the -GlyGlu- linker between the DOTA and Nle only decreased the MC1 receptor binding affinity to 11.5 nM. Interestingly, the -GlyGly- linker between the DOTA and Nle maintained the MC1 receptor binding affinity as 2.1 nM, further indicating the the moiety of Nle-CycMSH_(hex) played a crucial role in maintaining the low nanomolar MC1 receptor binding affinity of the peptide. The difference in MC1 receptor binding affinity between DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) (2.1 nM vs. 11.5 nM) was also observed in the melanoma uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2, 2.5 and 3 times the tumor uptake values of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) at 0.5, 2 and 4 h post-injection, respectively (Table 2A). In our previous report, the introduction of a negatively-charged -GlyGlu- linker resulted in 44% lower renal uptake of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlu-CycMSH at 4 h post-injection compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-CycMSH (15). In this study, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) showed 40% lower renal uptake (p<0.05) than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) at 0.5 h post-injection (Table 2A).

At the present time, the lactam bridge-cyclized ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) and the metal-cyclized ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH displayed the highest comparable melanoma uptakes among all reported ¹¹¹In-labeled linear and cyclic α-MSH peptides (13, 19). The melanoma uptake values were 17.29 t 2.49 and 17.41±5.63% ID/g at 2 and 4 h post-injection for ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH (13), whereas the melanoma uptake values were 19.39±1.65 and 17.01±2.54% ID/g at 2 and 4 h post-injection for ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) (19). Meanwhile, ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) showed similar tumor/kidney uptake ratios as ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Re(Arg¹¹)CCMSH at 2 and 24 h post-injection (19). In this study, the introduction of the -GlyGly- linker maintained high melanoma uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) (19.05±5.04 and 18.6±3.56% ID/g at 2 and 4 h post-injection, respectively) compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex). Interestingly, the introduction of -GlyGly- linker reduced the liver and renal uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex). ¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) exhibited 61, 65 and 68% less liver uptake values than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) (FIGS. 11), and 28, 32 and 42% less renal uptake values than ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) at 2, 4 and 24 h post-injection (FIG. 11), respectively. The maintained high melanoma uptakes coupled with the decreased liver and renal uptakes resulted in enhanced tumor/liver and tumor/kidney uptake ratios for ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) compared to ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) at 2 and 4 h post-injection (FIG. 12). The tumor/liver uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 2.52 and 3.13 times the tumor/liver uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) at 2 and 4 h post-injection, whereas the tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) were 1.37 and 1.61 times the tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) at 2 and 4 h post-injection.

As showed in FIG. 9, the enhanced tumor/liver and tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ^(w)in-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) generated high tumor imaging contrast to the background. The flank melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) as an imaging probe, highlighting its potential as an effective imaging agent for melanoma detection. Furthermore, from the therapeutic point of view, the enhanced tumor/liver and tumor/kidney uptake ratios of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) would decrease the absorbed doses to the liver and kidneys when using the therapeutic radionuclide-labeled DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) for melanoma treatment. In other words, the improvement of tumor/liver and tumor/kidney uptake ratios would potentially increase the absorbed dose to the tumor while keeping the liver and kidneys safe when treating the melanoma with the therapeutic radionuclide-labeled DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex).

TABLE 1A DOTA-conjugated lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptides. ^(a)DOTA-Nle- DOTA-GGNle- DOTA-GENle- DOTA-NleGE- CycMSH_(hex) CycMSH_(hex) CycMSH_(hex) CycMSH_(hex) Amino acid linker -Nle- -Gly-Gly- -Gly-Glu-Nle- -Nle-Gly-Glu- between DOTA and the Nle- cyclic peptide moiety Calculated molecular 1368.5 1482.6 1554.6 1554.6 weight (Da) Found molecular weight 1368.2 1482.0 1554.0 1554.0 (Da) Molecular Formula C₆₄H₉₃N₁₉O₁₅ C₆₈H₉₉N₂₁O₁₇ C₇₁H₁₀₃N₂₁O₁₉ C₇₁H₁₀₃N₂₁O₁₉ MC1R binding affinity 1.8 2.1 11.5 873.4 (nM) HPLC retention time 14.3 14.8 15.4 9.6 (min) HPLC retention time for 10.7 17.7 21.7 N/A ¹¹¹In-conjugate (min) ^(a)The Data of DOTA-Nle-CycMSH_(hex) was cited from Reference 19 for comparison.

TABLE 2A Biodistribution of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The data were presented as percent injected dose/gram or as percent injected dose (mean ± SD, n = 5) ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex) Tissues 0.5 h 2 h 4 h 24 h 0.5 h 2 h 4 h 24 h Percent injected dose/gram (% ID/g) Tumor 18.39 ± 2.22  19.05 ± 5.04  18.6 ± 3.56 6.77 ± 0.84 11.75 ± 2.00*  8.99 ± 1.91*  5.3 ± 2.84*  4.40 ± 0.87* Brain 0.21 ± 0.18 0.03 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.03 0.01 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.04 0.03 ± 0.01 Blood 3.17 ± 0.45 0.12 ± 0.11 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.01 1.28 ± 0.09 0.16 ± 0.05 0.14 ± 0.06 0.01 ± 0.01 Heart 1.35 ± 0.26 0.24 ± 0.12 0.01 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.01 0.66 ± 0.17 0.06 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.02 Lung 2.97 ± 0.71 0.28 ± 0.07 0.13 ± 0.10 0.07 ± 0.05 1.31 ± 0.29 0.31 ± 0.14 0.20 ± 0.04 0.12 ± 0.05 Liver 1.41 ± 0.22 0.57 ± 0.09 0.60 ± 0.03 0.60 ± 0.10 0.67 ± 0.17 0.50 ± 0.12 0.36 ± 0.03 0.26 ± 0.01 Spleen 0.93 ± 0.37 0.17 ± 0.06 0.15 ± 0.10 0.12 ± 0.13 0.54 ± 0.13 0.24 ± 0.11 0.19 ± 0.10 0.14 ± 0.01 Stomach 2.18 ± 0.28 1.30 ± 0.12 1.14 ± 0.13 1.17 ± 0.48 0.95 ± 0.15 0.28 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.14 0.41 ± 0.01 Kidneys 15.19 ± 2.75  6.84 ± 0.92 6.82 ± 1.19 5.44 ± 1.58  9.06 ± 2.20*  5.54 ± 0.63* 6.25 ± 0.51 4.21 ± 0.03 Muscle 0.37 ± 0.26 0.01 ± 0.01 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.01 0.32 ± 0.09 0.06 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.01 Pancreas 0.99 ± 0.27 0.23 ± 0.12 0.14 ± 0.06 0.10 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.08 0.12 ± 0.10 0.13 ± 0.08 0.15 ± 0.04 Bone 0.59 ± 0.39 0.10 ± 0.09 0.10 ± 0.08 0.04 ± 0.04 0.13 ± 0.10 0.08 ± 0.05 0.02 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.01 Skin 2.16 ± 1.28 0.27 ± 0.12 0.27 ± 0.28 0.26 ± 0.08 1.63 ± 0.43 0.37 ± 0.11 0.12 ± 0.10 0.16 ± 0.13 Percent injected dose (% ID) Intestines 1.65 ± 0.26 1.30 ± 0.32 0.97 ± 0.38 0.74 ± 0.13 0.95 ± 0.14 0.68 ± 0.26 1.45 ± 0.85 0.76 ± 0.45 Urine 60.80 ± 4.05  88.46 ± 1.75  88.39 ± 3.06  93.23 ± 1.60  83.56 ± 0.49  89.65 ± 6.24  91.38 ± 1.85  93.57 ± 0.12  Uptake ratio of tumor/normal tissue Tumor/Blood 5.80 158.75 1860.00 338.50 9.18 56.19 37.86 440.00 Tumor/Kidneys 1.21 2.79 2.73 1.24 1.30 1.62 0.85 1.05 Tumor/Lung 6.19 68.04 143.08 96.71 8.97 29.00 26.50 36.67 Tumor/Liver 13.04 33.42 31.00 11.28 17.54 17.98 14.72 16.92 Tumor/Muscle 49.70 1905.00 930.00 338.50 36.72 149.83 48.18 48.89 Tumor/Skin 8.51 70.56 68.89 26.04 7.21 24.30 44.17 27.50 P < 0.05, significance comparison in tumor and kidney uptakes between ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GGNle-CycMSH_(hex) and ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GENle-CycMSH_(hex).

Conclusions

The amino acid linkers exhibited profound effects on the melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic properties of the ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-MSH peptides. Introduction of the -GlyGly- linker maintained high melanoma uptake while reducing the renal and liver uptakes of ¹¹¹In-DOTA-GlyGlyNle-CycMSH_(hex), highlighting its potential as an effective imaging probe for melanoma detection, as well as a therapeutic peptide for melanoma treatment when labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide.

The terms and expressions that have been employed in this application are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intent in the use of such terms and expressions to exclude any equivalent of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention as claimed. Thus, it will be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein.

In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

REFERENCES First Set

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Miao Y, Owen N K, Whitener D, Gallazzi F, Hoffman T J, Quinn T P.     In vivo evaluation of ¹⁸⁸Re-labeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating     hormone peptide analogs for melanoma therapy. Int J Cancer. 2002;     101:480-487. -   7. Chen J, Cheng Z, Hoffman T J, Jurisson S S, Quinn T P.     Melanoma-targeting properties of ⁹⁹technetium-labeled cyclic     alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analogues. Cancer Res.     2000; 60:5649-5658. -   8. Siegrist W, Solca F, Stutz S, et al. Characterization of     receptors for alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on human melanoma     cells. Cancer Res. 1989; 49:6352-6358. -   9. Tatro J B, Reichlin S. Specific receptors for     alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are widely distributed in     tissues of rodents. Endocrinology 1987; 121:1900-1907. -   10. Miao Y, Owen N K, Fisher D R, Hoffman T J, Quinn T P.     Therapeutic efficacy of a ¹⁸⁸Re-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating     hormone peptide analog in murine and human melanoma-bearing mouse     models. J Nucl Med. 2005; 46:121-129. -   11. Miao Y, Hylarides M, Fisher D R, et al. Melanoma therapy via     peptide-targeted alpha-radiation. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;     11:5616-5621. -   12. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Tanner H, Eberle A N. Melanoma     targeting with DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs:     structural parameters affecting tumor uptake and kidney uptake. J     Nucl Med. 2005; 46:887-895. -   13. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Schuhmacher J, et al. A     gallium-labeled DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     PET imaging of melanoma metastases. J Nucl Med. 2004; 45:116-123. -   14. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Tanner H, Sumanovski L, Eberle     A N. A novel DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     metastatic melanoma diagnosis. J Nucl Med. 2002; 43:1699-1706. -   15. Wei L, Butcher C, Miao Y, et al. Synthesis and biologic     evaluation of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled rhenium-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide analog     using a cross-bridged cyclam chelator. J Nucl Med. 2007; 48:64-72. -   16. Miao Y, Benwell K, Quinn T P. ^(99m)Tc- and ¹¹¹In-labeled     alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides as imaging probes for     primary and pulmonary metastatic melanoma detection. J Nucl Med.     2007; 48:73-80. -   17. Cheng Z, Chen J, Miao Y, Owen N K, Quinn T P, Jurisson S S.     Modification of the structure of a metallopeptide: synthesis and     biological evaluation of ¹¹¹In-labeled DOTA-conjugated     rhenium-cyclized alpha-MSH analogues. J Med Chem. 2002;     45:3048-3056. -   18. Cheng Z, Xiong Z, Subbarayan M, Chen X, Gambhir S S.     ⁶⁴Cu-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     MicroPET imaging of melanocortin 1 receptor expression. Bioconjug     Chem. 2007; 18:765-772. -   19. Miao Y, Gallazzi F, Guo H, Quinn T P. ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam     bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide     analogues for melanoma imaging. Bioconjug Chem. 2008; 19:539-547. -   20. Guo H, Shenoy N, Gershman B M, Yang J, Sklar L A, Miao Y.     Metastatic melanoma imaging with an ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam     bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide. Nucl     Med Biol. 2009; 36:267-276. -   21. Sawyer T K, Hruby V J, Darman P S, Hadley M E.     [half-Cys⁴,half-Cys¹⁰]-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a cyclic     α-melanotropin exhibiting superagonist biological activity. Proc     Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982; 79:1751-1755. -   22. Al-Obeidi F, Hadley M E, Pettitt B M, Hruby V J. Design of a new     class of superpotent cyclic α-melanotropins based on quenched     dynamic simulations. J Am Chem Soc. 1989:111:3413-3416. -   23. Al-Obeidi F, de L Castrucci A M, Hadley M E, Hruby V J. Potent     and prolonged-acting cyclic lactam analogs of α-melanotropin: design     based on molecular dynamics. J Med Chem. 1989:32:2555-2561. -   24. Fung S, Hruby V J. Design of cyclic and other templates for     potent and selective peptide α-MSH analogues. Curr Opin Chem Biol.     2005:9:352-358 -   25. Haskell-Luevano C, Miwa H, Dickinson C, et al. Characterizations     of the unusual dissociation properties of melanotropin peptides from     the melanocortin receptor, hMC1R. J Med Chem. 1996; 39:432-435. -   26. Haskell-Luevano C, Toth K, Boteju L, et al. Beta-Methylation of     the Phe⁷ and Trp⁹ melanotropin side chain pharmacophores affects     ligand-receptor interactions and prolonged biological activity. J     Med Chem. 1997; 40:2740-2749. -   27. Chen J, Cheng Z, Owen N K, et al. Evaluation of an     ¹¹¹In-DOTA-rhenium cyclized alpha-MSH analog: a novel cyclic-peptide     analog with improved tumor-targeting properties. J Nucl Med. 2001;     42:1847-1855. -   28. Raposinho P D, Xavier C, Correia J D, Falcao S, Gomes P,     Santos I. Melanoma targeting with alpha-melanocyte stimulating     hormone analogs labeled with fac-[^(99m)Tc(CO)₃]⁺: effect of     cyclization on tumor-seeking properties. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2008;     13:449-459. -   29. Raposinho P D, Correia J D, Alves S, Botelho M F, Santos A C,     and Santos I. A ^(99m)Tc(CO)₃-labeled     pyrazolyl-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog conjugate for     melanoma targeting. Nucl Med Biol. 2008; 35:91-99.

REFERENCES Second Set for Further Examples Section

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Melanoma-targeting properties of ^(99m)technetium-labeled cyclic     alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analogues. Cancer Res     2000; 60:5649-58. -   6. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Tanner H, Eberle A N. Melanoma     targeting with DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs:     structural parameters affecting tumor uptake and kidney uptake. J     Nucl Med 2005; 46:887-95. -   7. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Schuhmacher J, et al. A     gallium-labeled DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     PET imaging of melanoma metastases. J Nucl Med 2004; 45:116-23. -   8. Froidevaux S, Calame-Christe M, Tanner H, Sumanovski L, Eberle     A N. A novel DOTA-alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     metastatic melanoma diagnosis. J Nucl Med 2002; 43:1699-706. -   9. Miao Y, Owen N K, Fisher D R, Hoffman T J, Quinn T P. Therapeutic     efficacy of a ¹⁸⁸Re-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone     peptide analog in murine and human melanoma-bearing mouse models. J     Nucl Med 2005; 46:121-9. -   10. Miao Y, Hylarides M, Fisher D R, et al. Melanoma therapy via     peptide-targeted alpha-radiation. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5616-21. -   11. Wei L, Butcher C, Miao Y, et al. Synthesis and biologic     evaluation of ⁶⁴Cu-labeled rhenium-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide analog     using a cross-bridged cyclam chelator. J Nucl Med 2007; 48:64-72. -   12. Miao Y, Benwell K, Quinn T P. ^(99m)Tc- and ¹¹¹In-labeled     alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides as imaging probes for     primary and pulmonary metastatic melanoma detection. J Nucl Med     2007; 48:73-80. -   13. Cheng Z, Chen J, Miao Y, Owen N K, Quinn T P, Jurisson S S.     Modification of the structure of a metallopeptide: synthesis and     biological evaluation of ¹¹¹In-labeled DOTA-conjugated     rhenium-cyclized alpha-MSH analogues. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3048-56. -   14. Cheng Z, Xiong Z, Subbarayan M, Chen X, Gambhir S S.     ⁶⁴Cu-labeled alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog for     MicroPET imaging of melanocortin 1 receptor expression. Bioconjug     Chem 2007; 18:765-72. -   15. Miao Y, Gallazzi F, Guo H, Quinn T P. ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam     bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide     analogues for melanoma imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:539-47. -   16. Guo H, Shenoy N, Gershman B M, Yang J, Sklar L A, Miao Y.     Metastatic melanoma imaging with an ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam     bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide. Nucl     Med Biol 2009; 36:267-76. -   17. Guo H, Yang J, Gallazzi F, Prossnitz E R, Sklar L A, Miao Y.     Effect of DOTA position on melanoma targeting and pharmacokinetic     properties of ¹¹¹In-labeled lactam bridge-cyclized α-melanocyte     stimulating hormone peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:2162-68. -   18. Guo H, Yang J, Shenoy N, Miao Y. Gallium-67-labeled lactam     bridge-cyclized alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone peptide for     primary and metastatic melanoma imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2009;     20:2356-63. -   19. Guo H, Yang J, Gallazzi F, Miao Y. Reduction of the ring size of     radiolabeled lactam bridge-cyclized alpha-MSH peptide resulting in     enhanced melanoma uptake. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:418-26. -   20. Chen J, Cheng Z, Owen N K, Hoffman T J, Miao Y, Jurisson S S,     Quinn T P. Evaluation of an ¹¹¹In-DOTA-rhenium cyclized α-MSH     analog: a novel cyclic-peptide analog with improved tumor-targeting     properties. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1847-55. -   21. Hoffman T J, Gali H, Smith C J, Sieckman G L, Hayes D L, Owen N     K, Volkert W A. Novel series of ¹¹¹In-labeled bombesin analogs as     potential radiopharmaceuticals for specific targeting of     gastrin-releasing peptide receptors expressed on human prostate     cancer cells. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:823-31. -   22. 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1-63. (canceled)
 64. A compound according to the chemical structure:

wherein Y¹ is a DOTA group, a NOTA group or a HYNIC group; X is, GlyGluNle, A is absent, B is Nle, C is absent, m is 1, n is 1 and p is 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said compound is optionally complexed with at least one radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.
 65. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound comprising a radioisotope according to claim 64, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier additive or excipient for use in the diagnosis and/or treatment of melanoma.
 66. The compound according to claim 64, wherein Y¹ is a DOTA group and said compound is complexed with a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²¹³Bi, ⁸⁶Y, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹³Bi, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V and ²⁰⁹Pb.
 67. The compound according to claim 64, wherein Y¹ is a NOTA group and said compound is complexed with a radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, and ⁶⁷Cu.
 68. The compound according to claim 64, wherein Y¹ is a HYNIC group and said compound is complexed with a radioisotope which is ^(99m)Tc.
 69. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 65, wherein said composition is co-administered with an effective amount of at least on agent selected from the group consisting of dacarbazine (DTIC), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and alpha-interferon.
 70. A compound according to the chemical structure:

wherein Y¹ is a DOTA group, a NOTA group or a HYNIC group; X is Gly or NleGlyGlu, A is absent, B is Nle, C is absent, m is 1, n is 1 and p is 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said compound is optionally complexed with at least one radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.
 71. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound comprising a radioisotope according to claim 70, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier additive or excipient for use in the diagnosis and/or treatment of melanoma.
 72. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 71, wherein said composition is co-administered with an effective amount of at least on agent selected from the group consisting of dacarbazine (DTIC), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and alpha-interferon.
 73. A compound according to the chemical structure:

wherein Y1 is a DOTA group, a NOTA group or a HYNIC group;

X is X′_(m)-(ABC)_(n) where X′ is A is absent, B is Nle, C is absent, m is 1, n is 1 and p is 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein said compound is optionally complexed with at least one radioisotope selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷LU, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.
 74. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound comprising a radioisotope according to claim 73, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier additive or excipient for use in the diagnosis and/or treatment of melanoma.
 75. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 74, wherein said composition is co-administered with an effective amount of at least on agent selected from the group consisting of dacarbazine (DTIC), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and alpha-interferon.
 76. A compound according to the chemical structure: (Y1)_(q)-X_(m)-(ABC)_(n)-CycMSH_(hex) Where Y¹ is a chelate group, wherein Y¹ optionally incorporates or complexes with a radioisotope; Each X is independently an amino acid residue which may be optionally acylated at its amino terminal end or an amino acid linker according to the chemical structure:

ABC is an amino acid linker wherein, A is absent or is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH which is optionally acylated at its amino terminal end; B is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH which is optionally acylated (preferably C₂-C₂₀ acylated) at its amino terminal end; C is absent or is a neutral or negatively charged amino acid at physiological pH; m is an integer from 0 to 5; n is 0 or 1; p is an integer from 0 to 10; k is an integer from 0 to 10; s is an integer from 0 to 2; i is an integer from 0 to 10; q is 0 or 1, and CycMSH_(hex) is a cyclic peptide comprising six amino acids according to the general structure:

Wherein W is a C—H group from an aspartic acid or glutamic acid residue, wherein the alkylene carboxylic acid sidechain of said aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the allcyleneamine sidechain of lysine or ornithine are bonded together to form an amide linkage as indicated; X¹ is D-phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan, Y is arginine or lysine; Z is tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine; Z′ and the alkyleneamine to which Z′ is attached is Lys(CONH₂) or Orn(CONH₂); j is 1 or 2; and r is 0 or 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 77. The compound of claim 76, wherein said compound is complexed with at least one radioisotope-selected from the group consisting of ⁸⁶Y, ⁹⁰Y, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ²²⁵Ac, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁷¹As, ⁷²As, ⁷⁶As, ⁷⁷As, ⁶⁵Zn, ⁴⁸V, ²⁰³Pb, ²⁰⁹Pb, ²¹²Pb, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁵³Sm, ²⁰¹Tl, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁸⁶Re and ^(99m)Tc.
 78. The compound according to claim 76, wherein j is
 1. 79. The compound according to claim 76 wherein q is 1, m is 0, n is 1, j is 1 and X¹ is D-phenylalanine.
 80. The compound according to claim 76 wherein Y is arginine.
 81. The compound according to claim 64 wherein Z is tryptophan, r is 1 and Z′ and the alkylene amine to which Z′ is attached is Lys(CONH₂).
 82. The compound according to claim 64 wherein Y¹ is a radical of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (CB-TE2A), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA), Diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG₃) or 4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid or HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide) and said compound is complexed with a radioisotope.
 83. The compound according to claim 76, wherein Y¹ is a radical of DOTA, NOTA or HYNIC.
 84. The compound according to claim 76, wherein Y¹ is DOTA.
 85. The compound according to claim 76, wherein m is 0 and n is
 1. 86. The compound according to claim 76, wherein q is 1, n is 1, A is absent, glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid or norleucine, B is glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine or norleucine and C is absent, norleucine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid.
 87. The compound according to claim 76, wherein q is 1, X1 is D-phenylalanine, Y is arginine, and Z is tryptophan and Z′ and the alkyleneamine to which Z′ is attached is Lys(CONH2).
 88. The compound according to claim 87, wherein j is
 1. 89. The compound according to claim 87, wherein Y¹ is a radical of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), 4,11-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,8,11-tetraazabicyclo[6.6.2]hexadecane (CB-TE2A), 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA), Diethylenetriaminopentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), 4,5-bis(2-mercaptoacetamido)pentanoic acid or Hydrazinonicotinamide (HYNIC).
 90. The compound according to claim 87, wherein Y¹ is a radical of DOTA, NOTA or HYNIC.
 91. The compound according to claim 87, wherein m is
 0. 92. The compound according to claim 87, wherein n is
 1. 93. The compound according to claim 87 wherein A is glycine, B is glycine and C is norleucine.
 94. The compound according to claim 76, wherein said radioisotope is selected from the group consisting of ¹¹¹In, ⁸⁶Y, ⁶⁶Ga, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ²⁰³Pb, ⁶⁴Cu and ^(99m)Tc, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²¹²Bi/²¹²Pb, ²¹³Bi, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶⁶Ho and ¹⁵³Sm.
 95. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound comprising a radioisotope according to claim 77, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient. 